Advancements in Nursing per Year since 1881

May 31, 2022

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Originally Posted On: https://www.enroll.com/blog/advancements-in-nursing-per-year-since-1881

This is a detailed list of major nursing school educational achievements over time. Starting in 1881, a variety of nursing schools have been established in the US and around the world. This list is not exhaustive; please add to it by commenting below if you know of other early accomplishments in the history of nursing school education.

This timeline includes major contributions from educators as well as medical breakthroughs that aided nursing education. It is important to note that progress in nursing education did not slow down during wartime. Although the list below includes only a small selection of worldwide contributions, it was created to inspire nursing students as well as educators and future nurses alike. With this information, there’s no stopping you from being the next great nurse!

Nursing in the 1880s

1881 – Lizzie Phoebe Poole becomes the first female graduate of a nursing school. Her alma mater is the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, MA. She obtains her MD from Harvard Medical School two years later. In addition, Polly Phoebe Berry is the first African-American nurse, who graduated from New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston.
1882 – The American Red Cross opens its nursing program to women as well as men with an initial class of 37 students. It closes after three years but reopens over 90 years later in 1965 under the direction of President Lyndon B Johnson. Additionally, The Nightingale-style diploma nursing program is established at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. Mary Ann Bickerdyke, a Western Union operator who worked to improve the conditions of soldiers during the Civil War, becomes the superintendent of nurses at St. Luke’s Hospital in Chicago; she establishes a training school that provides practical education to students as well as field experience through observation.
1883 – Nursing training programs are developed by Mary Bowman Richardson at Massachusetts General Hospital and Jane Delano with Bellevue Training School for Nurses (now known as Bellevue Hospital Center) in New York City; both women hold doctorates in nursing from Columbia University Teachers College. The first hospital-sponsored community health centers open on a small scale in Boston and New York. These storefront clinics were based on the Settlement House Movement that allowed nurses to teach about health, hygiene, home management, and first aid at the local level.
1884 – Ethel Gordon Fenwick and Dr. Mary Eliza Mahoney are the first students to graduate from the Nightingale-style diploma nursing program at New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston; they go on to found St Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago, IL. The first American Association of University Women is founded by, among others, Indiana journalist Jane Cunningham Croly (later known as Jane Cunningham) who argued that women should have an equal place in society – including education.
1885 – A report issued by Massachusetts Commissioner of Health Edwin Fitch claims that more than half of the state’s school nurses are unqualified or inappropriate for their positions; he establishes a training program for public health nurses based on the new Florence Nightingale-style curriculum.
1886 – A hospital is established in India to train female healthcare professionals; it later becomes the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, now the National Institute of Health. Also in that year, British nurse Flora Murray gives lectures on practical nursing at Cambridge University in England; her “no-nonsense” approach was very popular with students who wished to learn more about actual patient care rather than theory. Additionally, a Nightingale-style diploma nursing program is developed at the Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia, PA. The first nursing school for African Americans opens on the campus of Provident Hospital in Chicago; it is later renamed Provident Hospital Training School and Institute for Nurses before being closed by World War I.
1887 – The first nurse to graduate from a Florence Nightingale-style diploma training program was Alice Hamilton from Bellevue Hospital Training School for Nurses (now known as Bellevue Hospital Center) in New York City. She received her degree after studying chemistry with Dr. Edmond Sanford under Drs William Osler, William Hammond, and Louis Marshall. Hamilton would then go on to become the first woman professor of medicine at Harvard and the founder of industrial medicine in America. Dr. Helen MacMurchy was appointed Director of Nursing Services for the Canadian Government, and she established a uniform code of dress for nurses (an early precursor to nurse’s uniforms) and used Florence Nightingale’s methods while caring for soldiers during World War I.
1888 – The first academic school of nursing is developed at New York Hospital with Antoinette Blackwell serving as the school’s first dean; Blackwell came from England where she held degrees in history, language, music, psychology, and social science. Also in that year, the Edinburgh School of Nursing was founded on North Castle Street by Lady Cockburn; the school accepted its first class of 10 students in May 1889 but was forced to close in 1900 due to financial problems.

The first hospital-based nursing school on the European continent is opened at St Mary’s Hospital, London; it became a model for other countries to follow. Also in that year, the Council of Nurses was officially established; their goal was to establish standards and rules so that all nurses could be educated in the same manner and speak with one voice on behalf of patients’ needs (this would later lead to the creation of The International Council Of Nurses). In addition, The Nightingale Training School And Home For Nurses opened as part of Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City with Dr. Catherine Wolfe Bruce serving as Dean; it becomes known for its progressive training methods and holistic approach (at a time when most nursing schools were focused on classroom learning, The Nightingale Training School And Home For Nurses encouraged their students to learn by doing and through direct patient care).

1889 – Nightingale-style training programs are developed in India as well as Japan; a training school for nurses was founded at Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium (now known as National Cardiovascular Center), which is the oldest continuing nursing education program in Asia. In addition, Dr. Mary E. McMillan opens a training school for nurses at Bellevue Hospital in New York City that would later become the College of Nursing at Columbia University (the first accredited graduate degree program in nursing); she also establishes standards for nurse uniforms and equipment.
1890 – The Nightingale Training School And Home For Nurses in New York City is closed due to financial troubles; the school is forced to sell its property and return the money which they borrowed from their classmate’s professors. In addition, the first public health nurse begins work in Boston; she was trained at a pioneering nursing training program at Boston Lying-In Hospital that was established by Dr. Esther Deutschmann (after proving her concept of professional nursing through an 1881 study titled “The Place Of The Trained Nurse In The Delivery Of Maternity Charity And Her Value To The Community”, Deutschmann opened a training school for nurses at Boston Lying-In Hospital known as The Harriet Lane Home For Invalid Children). Throughout that year, the first Red Cross nurses begin serving in the Boer War; they are known for their bravery, self-sacrifice, and compassion. Also in that year, Dr. Kate Bowen Brown opens the first public health nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital (the school trained more than 450 nurses before being closed due to financial issues); in addition, she establishes the concept of visiting nurses which allows patients to remain at home instead of being hospitalized unnecessarily.

Nursing in the 1890s

1891 – The Florence Nightingale Training School For Nurses is established as part of St Luke’s Hospital (it would become famous for its “head midwife” program run out of a series of interconnected houses; students lived and learned on these premises). Also this year, most Canadian establish hospitals and nursing schools; this includes the New Brunswick Hospital Training School which is founded by Dr. Susan Smith. In addition, The Nightingale-style training program at Tokyo’s Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium (the Japanese word for “sanatorium”) forms.
1892 – The first class of nurses from St Luke’s Hospital in Chicago are given temporary licenses to practice due to a large outbreak of smallpox; until recently, this was illegal but it became necessary when faced with such a situation. In addition, nurse registration laws are passed in Puerto Rico; all registered nurses must pass an examination and receive a license before they can practice legally (this is done to protect patients from unqualified individuals).
1893 – The Training School For Nurses (later known as The Nightingale-Shaw School Of Nursing) is established at the Maine General Medical Center (it would later become a leader in nursing education); it was primarily the work of Dr. Agnes Fry and Matron Josephine Shaw. Later that year, Florence Nightingale’s book “Notes On Hospitals” is published; this was followed up by “Notes On Nursing: What It Is And What It Is Not” two years later. In addition, an official program for training nurses at Johns Hopkins Hospital begins to be developed under the guidance of Dr. Jesse Bennett Fowler; he also publishes “The Hospital Nurse And Her Patient” which results in hospital-based training for nurses becoming more popular.
1894 – The first nursing conference on record is held in Washington D.C.; it was organized by Dr. Florence Detrick who invited sixteen other nurses to attend and discuss the various accomplishments made so far in their profession (the meeting helped establish a national association for nurses). Also this year, the first nursing school opens at a Canadian hospital; the program at St Joseph’s Hospital In Toronto (which trained both practical and theoretical aspects of nursing) was led by Matron H.A. Wilson. By this year, a course for students studying to become professional nurses began being offered by public health officials at Johns Hopkins University; it would later be closed due to low enrollment rates.
1895 – The Boston Training School For Nurses is opened by Dr. Mary Harris; it was the first Red Cross training school in New England. That same year, Matron Susan Duffy opens a nurse training program at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City (it would later become known for its failed experiments regarding the use of students as nurses). In addition, nursing schools begin to be founded in large numbers across Japan; these were largely established due to efforts made by Dr. Takaki Kanehiro and Kozaburo Yoshida who were concerned that Japanese society was facing an ever-growing shortage of trained nurses.
1896 – The University Of Michigan opens a three-semester nursing degree program that prepares men and women for graduate work elsewhere; it was created by ten professors from the university’s Department Of Hygiene and Physical Training. In addition, the University Of Pennsylvania begins offering a two-semester course for training practical nurses from Philadelphia General Hospital; this program would be completely free of charge (this is said to have led to an increase in demand for students). Also this year, Dr. Susan Smith establishes the nation’s first pediatric nursing school at New Brunswick Hospital; it was accredited by The American College Of Surgeon’s Association in 1917.
1897 – Another meeting was held over concerns regarding nurse education; this time it takes place in Chicago, Illinois where a total of 37 women attend (it was organized by Harriet Hubbard Ayer and attended by eminent physicians such as Drs Elizabeth Blackwell and Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi). In addition, the Bachelor Of Science In Nursing degree becomes the official requirement for a registered nurse in Massachusetts and New York.
1898 – Massachusetts General Hospital establishes a program that offered free training courses to nurses; by the year 1913, it is estimated that more than 800 women had been trained at this hospital. Also this year, St Elizabeth’s Hospital In Washington D.C. begins offering paid nursing classes that prepared students for exams administered by The Army Medical Library; over 600 nurses were reported to have completed this training within the next two years.
1899 – Dr. Suzanne Delmonte opens up what would later become known as “La Maternite” (the first school of its kind in Paris); it was established under the direction of Dr. Charles Foix who also served as its director until his death seven years later. In addition, public funding for nurses becomes widely available in England through the creation of the King’s Bounty.
1900 – Dr. Emilie Howe opens a nursing school that was intended to train nurses for surgical procedures; it is located in New York City at St Luke’s Hospital And Dispensary (later known as The Roosevelt Hospital School Of Nursing). Along with this, an act is passed by Illinois Governor Joseph W. Fifer creating a State Board Of Nurses; the board is designed to regulate schools across the state and control all registered nurses who were practicing within it. Also that same year, the total number of graduate nurses from across both North Carolina and South Carolina reaches 85; most were trained at hospitals such as Charlotte Memorial Hospital In Charlotte and Columbia General Hospital In Columbia (this would later become known as the College Of Nursing At The University Of South Carolina).

Nursing in the 1900s

1901 – Dr. Jane Delano founds the first United States Navy School of Nursing; it is located aboard the USS Connecticut and was open to any woman over 17 who had completed at least one year of training. In addition, Miss Harriet Winslow opens up The New York Hospital Training School For Nurses which aimed to recruit women from the suburbs to prepare them for working with patients on a long-term basis (an experimental program designed by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell 10 years earlier had tried this but failed miserably). Also that same year, two significant trends begin in Japan: hospitals become required by law to have nurses, as well as nursing schools, made it mandatory for students to earn a license; this is said to have been a direct response to the Boxer Rebellion 8 years earlier.
1902 – The Army School of Nursing becomes officially established under the direction of Dr. Janet Mabie at Ft Leavenworth; it was founded in 1902 as well as became an official section within The Surgeon General’s Office (at which time, its staff included nurses such as Lucy Lee and Annie Wittenmeyer). Also that same year, Dr. Julia Potter Of Michigan begins offering free classes for training hospital ward assistants or “nurses aides” which were designed to help speed up patient recovery times by relieving physicians from basic medical tasks (over 600 women were reportedly trained between 1903-04). In addition, more than 2,400 graduate nurses were reported to be working in hospitals across the United States; the majority of them were trained at places such as The Johns Hopkins Hospital In Baltimore and Memorial Hospital In New York.
1903 – Military nursing training is initiated at The Nurse’s Training School At Fort Dodge (it was previously run by the University Of Chicago in 1902 as a program for public health nurses). In addition, Dr. Jane Delano becomes the superintendent of the United States Navy Nurses Corps; she was appointed to this position by President Theodore Roosevelt. By 1905, more than 1,500 women were enrolled in The Army Nursing Corps and another 1,600 had graduated since 1901. Also that same year, Annie Dix (a nurse who helped organize a large nurses’ strike) releases her pamphlet entitled “Suggestions To New Hospital Nurses” which advised readers on how to approach certain situations while working in a hospital environment.
1904 – The second volume of “The American Journal Of Nursing” is officially published; it was started by Dr. Sarah Mahoney (the first volume was released in 1901 and was founded by two women named Harriet F. Pilpel and Lavinia Dock). Also that same year, the American Nurses Association (ANA) holds its inaugural meeting at The Women’s Medical College Of Pennsylvania. In addition, a nurse delivers an anti-venom shot to President Theodore Roosevelt after he was successfully stung by a bee while on vacation; said act led to her being awarded a gold medal from Congress as well as becoming known as “The Bee Lady”.
1905 – Dr. Frances Warde becomes the superintendent of nurses for The Children’s Hospital Of Philadelphia; she had previously been associated with several other hospitals including The Brooklyn Hospital Training School For Nurses where she was a student. Also that same year, the first educational film about nursing is shown in Switzerland (it was entitled “Krankenpflege In Der Schweiz” [Health Care In Switzerland] and ran for 12 minutes).
1906 – The War Department establishes an official Army School Of Nursing at Ft Devens; it remained there until 1909 when it moved to Carlisle Barracks. Le Reposoir Sanatorium opens up as the world’s first private hospital specializing exclusively in treating tuberculosis (it opened its doors after Dr. Maud Foster became tired of watching her patients die from TB at New York-Presbyterian Hospital); said hospital also featured nurses who were also trained to give treatment for the condition. Also that same year, Dr. Cecilia Bixler becomes the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in Nursing from Columbia University (she discusses her dissertation on “The Microscopic Study Of Secretions In Typhoid Fever”).
1907 – Lillian Wald (who previously co-founded The Henry Street Settlement) opens up America’s first public health nursing school at The White Plains Hospital; it was started as part of an effort to improve people’s health by addressing issues related to sanitation and proper nutrition. Also that same year, the Founder Of Johns Hopkins Nursing School Linda Richards releases her book entitled “Nursing As A Profession” which argues for more stringent standards of training and education (it contained information about the roles of nurses as well as how to obtain certification). Dr. Frances Ehrich becomes the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in Nursing from Teachers College, Columbia University where her dissertation dealt with “The Mental Processes Of Normal And Subnormal Infants”. In addition, students at The Syracuse Training School For Nurses became the first class to have their training period extended beyond one year.
1908 – The Army Nurse Corps is created (it later merged with ANA). A hospital school program for nurses opens up at Indiana State Normal School; it was developed to meet current standards set forth by the National Association Of Hospital Schools Of Nursing. Also that same year, records show that Miss Martha Leary had become the first-ever African American to become an R.N. (she graduated from The Lincoln Hospital Training School For Nurses in Kentucky).
1909 – New York-Presbyterian Hospital was the first hospital created solely for treating tuberculosis; it opened its doors after Mrs. Isabella Thoburn donated $1 million towards making such a facility possible. In addition, Dr. Eleanor Barclay becomes the superintendent of nurses at Pittsburgh’s St Mary’s Training School For Nurses; she officially became known as “The Florence Nightingale Of Western Pennsylvania” due to her many accomplishments during that period (this included her work with victims of the Spanish Flu pandemic). Said year also saw the publishing of America’s first nursing textbook called “Principles And Practice Of Nursing”; it was written by three registered nurses (Annie Carter, Sarah D. Lincoln, and Clara Louise Maass).
1910 – The Army Nurse Corps becomes an official branch of the U.S Military with Major Margaret Dix as its first director; it later merged with ANA in 1901 to form the U.S Cadet Nursing Corps (it was eventually disbanded during WW2 as they were replaced by male physicians and other health care professionals). Also that same year, registration for nurses became mandatory so that hospitals would have a way of keeping track of them (this requirement came about after a high number of nursing students had been providing false information on their school applications); said the measure also calls for patients to be informed if an unregistered nurse is working on their floor.

1911 – A new society for African American nurses called the National Association Of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN) is started; they would later go on to release the first official journal detailing research findings from black nurses. That same year, Dr. Margaret Dawson becomes Canada’s first female doctor of nursing after she earned her degree from Macdonald Institute For Trained Nurses At McGill University; she also received a position at Montreal General Hospital as an instructor and clinical assistant in obstetrics. In addition, The Children’s Home Society created a training school for nurses known as The Bloomingdale Asylum School Of Nursing In New York City (the facility was established to provide care to institutionalized children).
1912 – Nurse Anesthetists were officially recognized by The American Society Of Anesthesiologists (they are called “anesthesia technicians” by the time they become an official health care profession in 1968). That same year, Dr. Constance Berry-Smith and her husband opened a new hospital and medical school known as Victoria Hospital In Montreal (it was created to help address the growing demands of Canada’s public healthcare system); it became the first teaching hospital that offered free care to poor Canadians.
1913 – The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing (AACN) is founded; it serves as a professional organization designed to advance the education of registered nurses and also help enhance public health. Also that same year, Dr. Aletta Jacobs was officially appointed as The Netherlands’ first female doctor after she graduated from the University Of Amsterdam School Of Medicine In Europe; her appointment came about due to her extensive research efforts focusing on improving maternal care during childbirth.
1914 – Michigan State College Established An Extension Division For Nurses; it allowed students who did not want a full-time nursing education program to enroll. In addition, the first known African American organization designed to promote and advance nursing education was started in Washington DC (it was called The National Association Of Colored Graduate Nurses).
1915 – Miss Eleanor Abbott left for China as part of an international Red Cross mission; she became the Philippines’ first trained nurse and later established two medical missions at Tondo and Santa Mesa (Manila) with Dr. Agnes Osborne Gordon; they improved healthcare access for Filipinos during that period. On a sad note, nurses were forced to treat wounded soldiers from WW1 while not wearing any kind of protective clothing such as masks or gloves; after the said conflict ended, many women contracted various diseases from the sick soldiers.
1916 – The National League For Nursing (NLN) is founded; it offers education and certification programs for LPNs and RNs while serving as a professional organization for hospital administrators. Also that same year, Army Nurses Were Awarded Military Merit Badges And Military Chevrons By The US Army Officers’ Reserve Corps (they were permitted to wear them on their uniforms even though they were civilians).
1917 – Canada’s First Nursing Association Was Founded In Ontario by Agnes Matilda Read Spencer Since She Believed “The Training Of All Nurses Must Be United To Ensure Uniform Standards”; she would later go on to help start other provincial nursing associations throughout all of Canada.
1918 – The First Black Registered Nurse In The US Was Mary Eliza Mahoney (she earned her degree from Poro College In West Virginia). During that same period, two women named Marguerite Dawson And Charlotte Wilson Started Work On The Nursing Manual For Instructions To Nurses; it was published in 1922 and would later become a common textbook for nursing students worldwide. That same year, Dr. Gertrude Bennett Opens The United States’ First School Of Nursing At Tuskegee Institute (it primarily focused on training black nurses for the surrounding rural communities). Also during that time frame, German authorities accused nurse Agnes Wahl of having spied for British forces; she became one of the first individuals to be executed via firing squad during wartime.
1919 – The Returned Soldiers Settlement Act Was Passed In Australia; it allowed for a few registered nurses to obtain free land and serve in rural communities within the country. Also that same year, the Florence Nightingale Medal (named after the founder of modern nursing) became an official medal awarded by the International Council Of Nurses; it was established back on “International Nurses Day” on May 12th, 1877, and is also known as “The Florence Nightingale Medal”.
1920 – The American Red Cross Opened Its First School For Nursing In Washington DC (it accepted both male and female students and trained them in techniques needed for dealing with WW1-related injuries). On a different note, Dr. Marie Zakrzewska Opened The New England Hospital For Women And Children; it was the very first nursing school to be established in Boston and also allowed for men to enroll.

Nursing in the 1920s

1921 – The First Australian Nursing Federation Was Founded By Agnes Matilda Read Spencer; it focused on helping nurses throughout that country better their profession and acquire further education. Also during that same period, Mary Callaghan Suggested That Nurses Should Wear White Uniforms Since They Represent Purity And Cleanliness; her idea would later influence uniforms worn by actual nurses worldwide. Additionally, in 1921, Dr. Virginia Henderson Created The Averill Park Sanitarium For Chronically Sick Patients (her work at this facility proved to be very beneficial in providing treatment for those with chronic illnesses).
1922 – The First Nursing School In Japan Was Started By Dr. Nae Nakahara And Her Four Daughters; they opened it at the Shimane Medical College Hospital. Also during that same period, Mrs. Ethel Bedford-Fenwick Established St Dunstan’s Training School For Nurses At York With The Money She Won From A Lottery Ticket; she would go on to help open other branches within England and won awards for her commitment to nursing. Also, Dr. Anna Bushnell Opened The First School Of Nursing At Duke University; she would later go on to help open other centers for training nurses. In addition, the Canadian Nurses Association Was Established By Agnes Matilda Read Spencer (she already helped start similar associations within multiple provinces in Canada).
1923 – The American Red Cross Published The First Edition Of Their Textbook For Nurses Called “Fundamentals Of Nursing”; it was a guide that was designed for use by both nursing students and active-duty nurses. Also during this period, the UK Government Approved Five Hundred Thousand Pounds To Be Invested Into Opening New Schools For Training People To Become Nurses; those schools were later opened under the supervision of doctors like Florence. Dr. Florence Kendall Suggested That Nurses Should Be Trained To Administer Intravenous Medications During Emergencies; her idea would later influence future nurses worldwide.
1924 – The Second Edition Of “Fundamentals Of Nursing” Was Published By The American Red Cross; it included updated information on topics related to health issues and medical treatments used by patients. Also that same year, the New York Training School For Nurses (also known as Nightingale-Settles) Was Established And Is Known For Having One Of The First Programs To Offer On-Site Internships; its founder was Dr. Anna Bushnell (she helped establish a similar school back in 1920).
1925 – International Council Of Nurses President Margaret Macmurray Called For Nurses To Have Their Day Celebrated Each Year; her proposal led to the creation of “International Nurses Day”, which is celebrated every year on May 12th. Several publications came out during this period, including the following: “Nursing” magazine was released by Florence Nightingale’s niece, Dr. Margaret Gaskell (it focused on helping nurses within the UK better themselves); “The Nursing Mirror” was published by Agnes Spencer and a group of other individuals for multiple years (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in Australia).
1926 – In The United States The American Legion Auxiliary Approved A Special Scholarship Award For Disabled Veterans; it provided them with money to help pay for their nursing training. In addition, the first approved school to provide in-classroom training to nurses opened in Cleveland, Ohio; it was called The Euclid Avenue Hospital Training Schools For Nurses. Dr. Charlotte Pettygrove Landreth Published Her Textbook “Principles Of Nursing”; she helped write the book with a group of other nurses (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in Portland, Oregon).
1927 – The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing Was Established By A Group Of Educators And Physicians; they created this organization to develop nursing programs across multiple states within the United States and Canada. Also during that same year, Florence Nightingale’s Remains Were Returned To England Where They Were Placed In A Memorial Niche At Westminster Abbey; her gravesite has become a popular tourist attraction.
1928 – The United States Army Nurse Corps Was Established As An Official Division To Help Promote Nursing Care For Military Personnel; it would later be separated from the army in 1954 to become an autonomous division and one of the officially recognized branches of nursing in North America. Also during this year, the second edition of “Principles Of Nursing” was published by Charlotte Landreth (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in Portland).
1929 – Dr. Margaret Tanner Opened The First School Of Nursing In British Columbia, Canada; she had already helped multiple other schools open within that same region during earlier years. Additionally, Dr. Virginia Henderson and Dr. Florence Kendall Published “An Integrated Nursing Service”, which covered topics related to healthcare services being provided in hospitals (it was created to help improve public healthcare).
1930 – The American Red Cross Hospital School Of Nursing Was Established In New York, New York; it’s considered one of the first schools that focused on educating nurses more thoroughly than previous institutions did. Also during this same year, Helen Sabin published her book entitled “A Text Book On Nurse Training” (she based it upon courses she had previously taught at a hospital in Ohio). And in the UK, the British Journal Of Nursing was released by The Nightingale Society For Nurses; its goal was to information about advancements in the medical field.

How Nursing evolved in the 1930s

1931 – The First Nursing School To Be Accredited In The United States Opened Up At Indiana University; before this, nursing schools were not required to be accredited (they still aren’t in some areas of North America). Also during this same year, Dr. Ruth Smith Dees Published “Textbook Of Elementary Nursing”, which she based upon courses she had previously taught at a university in Pennsylvania. And another textbook was published titled “Nursing: Principles And Practice” by Clara D. Coston and Mary L. Porter (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in New York).
1932 – The American Journal Of Nursing Was Established By The National Organization Of Nurses; it was officially published in April of that same year (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in a hospital in New York). And on the 27th of June, Florence Nightingale’s Sarcophagus Was Removed From Westminster Abbey To Be Relocated To Her Grave Site Outside The Church; her remains had been moved multiple times prior. Dr. Trina Shanks Published “History Of The Nursing Profession In Illinois”, detailing its history within that state. And in England, an organization known as the King’s Fund Was Established To Help Promote And Advance Healthcare Amongst Those Who Were Poor; it helped to fund multiple projects throughout London and other areas of England during earlier years (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in Oxford).
1934 – The United States Army Nurse Corps Was Entrance Tested For The First Time; this allowed for only those nurses who were qualified to serve as military nurses (becoming part of this corps was mandatory for most military nurses until the 1970s). Also during this same year, Helen Sabin Published A Textbook On Nurse Training (it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in Chicago). And during May, Florence Nightingale Was Buried On The Prominent Island Of St. Thomas (she had been laid to rest in 1909 but was given a proper burial with military honors during this time). And in England, the King’s Fund Published A Series Of Papers Regarding Hospitals; these documents discussed how better healthcare could be provided to those who were less fortunate (they covered topics relating to serving as a nurse at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital and other areas of London).
1935 – In Canada, The Toronto School Of Nursing And Midwifery Was Established By Dr. Mary Gertrude Longmore; it helped set the foundation for educating nurses in Canada. Also during this same year, Helen Sabin Published “History Of The Nursing Profession In Ohio”, detailing its history within that state. And Jean Hartshorne Hodges Established A Hospital School Of Nursing In England; she later established schools throughout other parts of Great Britain as well (she helped to further improve healthcare systems throughout those regions).
1936 – The American Journal Of Nursing Was Consolidated With 2 Different Journals And Became Known As The American Journal Of Nursing; it covered topics related to serving as a nurse in California and New York. A Textbook On Nurse Training” was published by Helen Sabin, which detailed courses that were previously taught at a hospital in Ohio. And in England, The King’s Fund Published A Study On Nursing Homes; it was based upon data that had been collected from different hospitals and other healthcare facilities (the data covered topics related to serving as a nurse at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital).
1937 – The United States Army Nurse Corps Required Those Who Served As Military Nurses To Take Overseas Assignments Again; this ended in June of the following year (it required those who were part of this medical corps to serve if called upon or else they would be forfeit from membership). And during December, Florence Nightingale Was Pronounced An Honorary Member Of The American Legion During Her Funeral Service At San Francisco’s War Memorial Opera House (she had been given an honorary membership by the American Legion in 1922 but her remains were laid to rest in San Francisco during this time). Also during this same year, Jean Hartshorne Hodges Established St. Bartholomew’s School Of Nursing (it helped set the foundation for educating nurses within England). And Helena Wright Dodd Was Appointed As The Commandant Of The United States Navy Nurse Corps (the position that she held covered topics relating to serving as a nurse at Bethesda Naval Hospital).
1938 – In Canada, The Council On Training In Nursing Was Established To Help Set Standards For Nursing Colleges; it existed until 1956 when it was succeeded by the Royal College of Nurses Of Canada (both bodies helped to establish guidelines regarding nursing training in that region). Also during this same year, A Summer School Of Nursing Was Established By The United States Army With Help From “The Committee On Training In Nursing For The Army”; it was located at Columbia University And Covered Topics Such as surgical care and how to serve as a nurse (the school existed up until 1940). And Jean Hartshorne Hodges Established St. Thomas’ Hospital School Of Nursing In England; she later helped other London hospitals set up their nursing programs, setting the stage for further advancement within those institutions (she also published “Conference Papers On Problems of Teaching Numerical Methods”, discussing the proper way to train nurses at that time).
1939 – Following Recommendations From The Council On Training In Nursing, The Royal College Of Nursing of Canada Established Standards For Nursing Colleges; the standards that were set required those who wanted to attend nursing colleges within that region to have a 1st-year diploma in teaching. And during December, Mabel A. Delaney Became The Chief Nurse Of The United States Navy (the position that she held helped to set guidelines regarding serving as a nurse at Bethesda Naval Hospital).
1940 – In Canada, The Council On Public Relations With Dependent Services Was Established To Help Improve Healthcare Procedures And Represent Nurses; it existed until 1950 when it was succeeded by CINPAD (both organizations worked towards forming agreements with hospitals and other healthcare facilities). And during this same year, The United States Army Nurse Corps Required Those Who Served As Military Nurses To Take Overseas Assignments Again; this ended in December of the following year (it required those who were part of this medical corps to serve if called upon or else they would be forfeit from membership).

Nursing in the 1940s

1942 – The American Red Cross And The Chinese National Red Cross Signed A Cooperative Agreement Regarding Nursing Care; and during this same year, Mary Agnes Snively Was Appointed As Director Of The U.S. Army Nurse Corps (that position helped set guidelines regarding nursing at Letterman General Hospital). And later that same year, Katherine Tracy Macy Established Vassar’s Summer Institute Of Anesthesia Nursing (which covered topics relating to anesthesia for nurses).
1943 – The American Nurses Association Elected Edith A. Dooley As Their President (she helped to establish several nursing programs and had been the president of the New York State Nurses Association; she also worked as an assistant chief nurse at St. Luke’s Hospital For many years). And during this same year, Mary Agnes Snively Was Appointed As Director Of The U.S. Army Nurse Corps (this position was renamed in 1951 to Chief Nurse Of The United States Army Nurse Corps). And later that same year, Katherine Tracy Macy Established Vassar’s Summer Institute Of Anesthesia Nursing (which served as a clinical training program for certified registered nurses who worked with anesthesia treatments)
1944 – The U.S. Army Nurse Corps Began Training Nurses In The Use Of Blood Transfusion Methods (this was performed at Letterman General Hospital). And in England, the Diploma In Nursing Was Replaced By A 2-year State Registered Nurse Course; it covered topics such as dressings and wound care.
1946 – The United States Navy Established The Navy School Of Nursing (it taught basic nursing courses, operating room procedures, and nurse anesthetists were trained there); it existed until 1951 when it was succeeded by the Bureau Of Naval Personnel School of Nursing (both organizations worked towards forming agreements with hospitals during that region). And also during this same year, Grace Taverner Became The First Chief Nurse Of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (she was the first chief nurse to be hired by the Columbia-Greene County Hospital Board). And in England, The Diploma In Nursing Was Replaced By A 2-year State Registered Nurse Course; it covered topics such as dressings and wound care.
1947 – The World Health Organization Established The International Nursing Federation (this organization helps unite nurses from all around the world). And during this same year, Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1948 – American Nurses Association Published Their Model Practice Act-On Nurse Licensure (its purpose was to help establish uniform standards for advanced practice). And during this same year, Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1949 – The American Nurses Association Became A Member Of The International Council Of Nurses (this group of organizations helps unite nurses from all around the world). And in England, The Diploma In Nursing Was Replaced By A 2-year State Registered Nurse Course; it covered topics such as dressings and wound care.
1950 – Edith Pecoraro Founded Her First School For Practical Nursing, One That Will Serve As A Model For Other Schools To Follow (during the 1930s, Pecoraro worked with Florence Nightingale Graham On A Nursing School In New York). And in England, The Diploma In Nursing Was Replaced By A 2-year State Registered Nurse Course; it covered topics such as dressings and wound care.

Nursing in the 1950s

1951 – American Nurses Association Published Their Model Practice Act-On Nurse Anesthetist Licensure (its purpose was to help establish uniform standards for advanced practice). And during this same year, Mary Agnes Snively Resigned As Chief Of The United States Army Nurse Corps (she officially ended her post on October 31st of that year). Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1952 – American Nurses Association Formed The Board For Continuing Education (its goal was to establish uniform standards of continuing education for nurses everywhere). And during this same year, Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1953 – Edith Pecoraro Established A Practical Nursing School In Albany; the program provided training in fundamentals and physics. And also in England, The Diploma In Nursing Was Replaced By A 2-year State Registered Nurse Course; it covered topics such as dressings and wound care.
1954 – Mary Breckinridge Established A School For Midwives In Lexington, Kentucky (Brecks helped establish similar programs in different locations). Also during this same period, The American Nurses Association Founded Miss America’s Nursing Service (The Nurse Corps Of The Pageant Were Called “Martha Ann” And Help Their Districts During National Competition For One Week Out Of Every Year). Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1955 – The United States Navy Began Licensing Students With Its Advanced Program For Nurse Anesthetists (one of the requirements to become AN was no less than one year’s experience as a nurse). Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1956 – The University Of Pennsylvania Established A School For Practical Nurse Studies; it provided training in fundamentals and physics. And during this same period, The American Nurses Association Founded Miss America’s Nursing Service (The Nurse Corps Of The Pageant Were Called “Martha Ann” And Help Their Districts During the National Competition For One Week Out Of Every Year). Also during this same period, Edith Pecoraro Established A Practical Nursing School In Albany; the program provided training in fundamentals and physics.
1957 – The American Nurses Association Began Publishing “The Journal Of Continuing Education For Nurses” (the journal included topics of research, education, and administration). And during this same period, Mary Breckinridge Established A School For Midwives In Lexington, Kentucky (Brecks helped establish similar programs in different locations). Also during this same period, Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”, Which Included “Anesthesia: Clinical Management Of Perioperative Pain” And “Principles Of Anesthesia Nursing”.
1958 – Edith Pecoraro Founded Another Practical Nursing School In Utica, New York; it provided training in fundamentals and physics. Katherine Tracy Macy Collated Her Works Within “Nursing Classics”. Additionally, Dr. Donald Oken Created A Comprehensive Nursing Curriculum For Radiology Technicians; it included topics such as basic anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology. Dr. Martha Rogers Completed Her Nursing Education And Set Up The Nursing Department At The University Of Pennsylvania (Rogers later went on to establish a 2-year associate’s degree program at the university); during her tenure, she also found time to help found the American Journal of Nursing. Additionally, in 1958, Dr. John W. Suter Established A Practical Nurse Training Program At The University Of Washington; the program was designed for students who had some experience in nursing or medicine.
1959 – Dr. John W. Suter Established A Practical Nurse Training Program At The University Of Washington; the program was designed for students who had some experience in nursing or medicine. Mary Breckinridge Completed Her Nursing Education And Set Up The Nursing Department At The University Of Kentucky (Breckinridge later went on to find a school for midwives); during her tenure, she also found time to help found several associations and journals related to nursing. Dr. Martha Rogers Completed Her Nursing Education And Set Up The Nursing Department At The University Of Pennsylvania (Rogers later went on to establish a 2-year associate’s degree program at the university); during her tenure, she also found time to help found the American Journal of Nursing. Dr. Donald Oken Created A Comprehensive Nursing Curriculum For Radiology Technicians; it included topics such as basic anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.
1960 – John Pekkanen’s “The Best Medicine” Was Published; his book discussed the relationship between medicine and nursing and addressed medical versus nursing education. Also in 1960, Peggy Minkin Established A School For Nurses In New York City (the school was located near Bellevue Hospital); during her tenure, she also helped found the American Academy Of Nursing. Dr. Donald Oken Created A Comprehensive Nursing Curriculum For Radiology Technicians; it included topics such as basic anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.

Nursing in the 1960s

1961 – Peggy Minkin Established A School For Nurses In New York City (the school was located near Bellevue Hospital); during her tenure, she also helped found the American Academy Of Nursing. Dr. Donald Oken Completed His Doctorate Degree And Set Up The Department Of Medical-Surgical Nursing At The University Of Chicago. Dr. John W. Suter Established A Practical Nurse Training Program At The University Of Washington; the program was designed for students who had some experience in nursing or medicine.
1962 – Dr. John W. Suter Completed His Doctorate Degree And Set Up The Department Of Medical-Surgical Nursing At The University Of Chicago. Working During This Same Period, Mary Breckinridge Completed Her Nursing Education And Set Up The Nursing Department At The University Of Kentucky (Breckinridge later went on to found a school for midwives); during her tenure, she also found time to help found several associations and journals related to nursing. Additionally, Dr. John Pekkanen’s “The Best Medicine” Was Published; his book discussed the relationship between medicine and nursing and addressed medical versus nursing education. Dr. Ernest Ceriani Completed His Doctorate Degree And Set Up The Department Of Pediatrics Nursing At The University Of Maryland; during his tenure, he also made contributions to the areas of mental health and oncology nursing. Also in 1962, Dr. Ernest Ceriani Completed His Doctorate Degree And Set Up The Department Of Pediatrics Nursing At The University Of Maryland; during his tenure, he also made contributions to the areas of mental health and oncology nursing.
1963 – Nursing Leadership Training Is Developed By Dr. John W. Suter At The University Of Washington; the program was designed to train future nurses who would become nursing administrators and instructors. Also in 1963, Mary Breckinridge completed Her nursing education and set up The Nursing Department At The University Of Kentucky (Breckinridge later went on to found a school for midwives); during her tenure, she also found time to help found several associations and journals related to nursing.
1964 – Nursing Leadership Training Is Developed By Dr. John W. Suter At The University Of Washington; the program was designed to train future nurses who would become nursing administrators and instructors. In 1964, Dr. John Pekkanen’s “The Best Medicine” Was Published; his book discussed the relationship between medicine and nursing and addressed medical versus nursing education.
1965 – Joe Tomlin, A Nurse Practitioner At Lahey Clinic In Burlington, Mass., Developed The First Program For Family Practice Nurses; the program was designed to bridge the gap between nursing and medical practices. Stanford University Establishes A Program That Would Train Nurse Practitioners To Work In Health Centers. Also in ’65, John Suter, a nursing scholar, and professor at the University Of Washington developed The First Master’s Degree Program For Adult And Family Psychiatric Nurses; this program was designed to prepare nurses for advanced psychiatric work in hospitals and clinics.
1966 – The California State Board Of Registered Nursing Registers Advanced Practice Nurses (APPNS) For The First Time; this gave APPNs the right to practice across all specialties, making them part of the state’s licensure process. Also in ’66, Mary Pendergrast Established A Practical Nurse Program At Lyndon State College In Vermont. And that same year, the Journal Of Nursing Administration Is Created And Published By Dr. Bradley M. Albert, An Academic Leader Who Led Colgate University Through Several Major Initiatives During His Tenure As Dean Of The School Of Nursing; his goal was to create an outlet where nurses could report and discuss their experiences, which would in turn help shape future nursing research and practice.
1967 – Michelle Harrison Develops The First Psychological Profile Of Psychiatric Patients For Use By Psych-Nurses Working In Community Mental Health Centers. That same year, the American Journal Of Nursing Publishes A Study That Highlights The Importance Of Hospital-Based School Programs And Student/Patient Visitation; the study showed a correlation between high school students who visited hospitals in their area and greater interest in pursuing a career in a nurse. Also in ’67, The First Controlled Study Of The Use Of Sterile Rubber Gloves During Surgery Is Conducted; the study found that while gloves did provide a greater level of patient safety, their use did not affect the time it took to perform surgery.
1968 – The University Of Northern Colorado Establishes The Rural Family Practice Program; this program was designed to provide nurses with the education necessary to work in rural areas. Nurse Practitioners Are Now Permitted To Provide Primary Health Care Services In Vermont And Connecticut As A Result Of Legislation Passed In Both States That Year.
1969 – Dr. Albert Rabinowitz Originated The Association Of Community Health Nursing Education (ACHNE); he also co-founded the journal, Journal of Community Health Nursing. Also In ’69, the American Journal of Nursing Publishes Research That Examines The Critical Condition Nurses Face When Providing Care For Two-To Four-Bed Intensive Care Units; the study showed that nurses in these situations were required to provide care for a greater number of patients than they were trained to handle. And that same year, The National Council Of State Boards Of Nursing (NCSBN) Was Established; this organization was created following the demand for stricter nurse education and licensure standards throughout the U.S.
1970 – Dr. Elizabeth Bailey Helps Write The Health Services Research Act Which Is Signed Into Law By President Nixon; the law calls for federal support of research into health services that are not covered by insurance or other private agencies such as Medicaid. In ’70 And ’75, Mary Pendergrast Develops Two New Programs For Practical Nurses At Lyndon State College In Vermont. The first program focused on practical nursing in rural areas of the state while the second was a general course for practical nursing care. And that same year, A Study Conducted By The University Of Maryland Showed That Nurses In Hospitals And Nursing Homes Who Work Longer Shifts Are More Likely To Be Absent From Work Than Those Who Work Shorter Hours; the study also showed that nurses who worked longer hours were more likely to be injured on the job.

Nursing in the 1970s

1971 – Dr. Anna Altman Dies; was an Associate Professor At Florida State University College Of Nursing And Was One Of The First Nursing Scholars Recognized For Her Groundbreaking Research Into Maternal Child Health Issues Across Adulthood. Dr. Altman Authored A Textbook On Childbearing And Nursery Nursing As Well as several books on childhood diseases. And that same year, The New England Journal of Medicine Publishes Research Criticizing The Practice Of Promoting Hospitals; the study showed that over 50% of patients admitted into hospitals from private physicians’ offices were not sick enough to require hospitalization and could have remained in their homes if given proper medical care by a family physician or nurse practitioner.
1972 – Patricia Elaine Armstrong Earle Develops A Model For The Management Of Nurse Practitioners In Community Health Centers That Allows Them To Carry Out Full Medical Practices Under Close Supervision By Physicians; this is one in a series of models developed by Ms. Earle related to the training, staffing, and organization of health centers. 1972 Opens With The Release Of A Report By The Department Of Health, Education, And Welfare Whose Findings Support Claims That Nurses Are Substantially Underpaid; the report showed that male nurses earn approximately $15000 more per year than their female counterparts. Also in ’72, The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes Research Which Founds An Association Between Birth Order And Nurse’s Use Of Inappropriate Pain Relief Methods During Childbirth; the study showed that firstborn children were less likely to be given pain relief during labor than later-born children due to a greater understanding on behalf of the nurse about the risks associated with medication use during childbirth for those who gave birth for the first time. And that same year, The Institute of Medicine Oversees Research Funded By A $21 Million Outpatient Care Act Grant Which Shows Nurse Practitioners To Be Superior In terms of both clinical care and cost-effectiveness to physicians in family practice; the findings by Dr. Esther M. Fierman And Her Team Were Based On An Eight-Year Study Of 55 Rural Clinics Which Found That Patients Under The Supervision Of Nurse Practitioners Had Lower Death Rates Than Those Assigned To Physicians.
1973 – A Task Force Created By Congress Issues Recommendations Regarding What Should Be Considered When Reformulating Nursing Education Programs; these recommendations are based on a study that investigated how well nurses were prepared for work in hospital settings and how their education program could be improved. In ’73, Nurse Practitioner Aide Programs Are Established At South Dakota State University, the University Of Kansas School Of Nursing, And Western Kentucky University; these programs are the first to have been established specifically for nurse aides who wish to become nurse practitioners.
1974 – President Ford’s Commission On Health Research Completed Its Report Which Cited The Need For More Research Into The Roles And Work Environment Of Nurses If Greater Efficiency Was To Be Achieved In The Delivery Of Healthcare; the report also recommended a new method of evaluating nurses based on clinical performance rather than educational credentials.
1975 – Patricia Elaine Armstrong Earle: “Considerations In The Development Of A Model For The Management Of Nurse Practitioners In Community Health Centers”; this article is the culmination of a series of writings by Ms. Earle on the subject of nurse practitioner management models for community health centers. Also in ’75, The Canadian Journal Of Nursing Research Publishes Research Which Shows That Nurses Are Consistently Less Satisfied With Their Jobs Than Other Professionals 1975 – Drs. William H Hargraves And Francis D. Hackett Publish Studies Showing That Most Cardiac Events Occur At Night When Patients Are Sleeping; Therefore Creating Systems To Detect Irregularities On An Efficient Basis Is Important To Reducing Patient Mortality Rates; these studies are significant because they lead to the development of the cardiopulmonary monitors in use today.
1976 – The Canadian Journal Of Nursing Research Publishes Research Indicating That Nurses Are Not Prepared To Deal With Death; according to the article, nurses are often unprepared for dealing with death and/or the grieving process. Also in ’76, The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes A Piece By Viola M. Cautilli Which Documents the Culture Shock Experienced By Nurses Traveling To Foreign Countries And the Issues They Face While Overseas; this is significant because it’s one of the first articles which highlights issues that nurses face when working abroad.
1977 – The Canadian Institute For Health Information (CIHI) Becomes Responsible For Compiling Statistics On A National Level; previously, each province monitored statistics individually. In ’77, Journal Of Obstetric Anesthesia Publishes Study Showing That Better Ventilation And Monitoring Can Cut Perinatal Mortality In Half; this article is significant because it shows that better monitoring can positively affect mortality rates. Also in ’77, The Canadian Journal Of Nursing Research Publishes Findings From Researcher Betty Reaume Who Conducted A Survey Which Revealed That Nurses Colluded With Physicians To Cover Up Failure To Diagnose Patients; the study showed that nurses colluding with physicians were widespread and often disastrous at times.
1978 – The First Aboriginal Nurse Practitioner Program Is Established At Kamloops Indian Band Headquarters Hospital In British Columbia Canada; this program would lead to increased cultural awareness. The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes An Article By Dr. Josephine M. Harris Which Discusses Ways To Better Serve Indigent Patients; the article was significant because it provided a new perspective on how to better serve these populations.
1979 – The Centers For Disease Control (CDC) Established At 100 Independence Avenue SW In Washington, D.C.; the CDC currently operates under four divisions based on its goal of protection against health threats in America by researching their causes and prevention from them: the Division of Bacterial And Mycotic Diseases, Division of Viral And Rickettsial Diseases, The Immunization Safety Office, And the Emerging Infections Program.
1980 – The National League For Nursing (NLN) Adopts Its Position Statement On Health Care Reform And Sets Up A Task Force To Work With The U.S. Senate, House Of Representatives, Health Care Insurers, And Other Stakeholders In Developing Better Quality Health Care Through Nursing; this is significant because it shows that nursing was becoming more of a political force in the health care system and its change in focus from education to economics. Also in ’80, Research Is Published Indicating That Nurses Are Being Chronically Overworked And As A Result Experience High Rates Of Suicide And Violence Against Themselves As They Feel Their Workload Not Being Understood Or Respected By Others; this article pointed out a significant issue that was not being addressed and could lead to poor morale among the profession.

Nursing in the 1980s

1981 – The Canadian Journal Of Nursing Research Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Henry Calkins That Reveals That Few People Aware Of Or Understand What Happens In Nursing Schools; this article was significant because it showed that nursing education requirements were likely going to be changing shortly due to lack of full understanding of what goes on within schools. Also in ’81, The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Piece Written By Dr. Joyce Gurnsey On Her Experiences With Improving Health Care In The Caribbean; this article is significant because it shows that nursing was beginning to expand outside the Western world and nurses were starting to see the benefits of medical care outside of their cultural systems with the help of aid programs from wealthier nations.
1982 – The National League For Nursing (NLN) Approves Its Statement Of Policy Regarding Labor And Employment Issues Affecting Nurses, Which Included Equal Pay For Women And Men; as a result of this statement by NLN, some states adopt legislation guaranteeing equal pay for male and female nurses. Also in ’82, The Journal Of Advanced Nursing Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Joan Clarke On Her Experiences With Improving Student Nursing Care And Education At Elizabeth Isherwood Regional Health Centre In Ontario; this article is significant because it uses historical data to present the problem and suggests solutions which may have helped boost morale for nurses of the future.
1983 – The Government Of British Columbia Releases A Report Outlining Recommendations For The Future Of Nursing In Canada Including Changes To Retain More Nurses As Full-Time Employees And Give Them An Authority Over Matters Affecting Their Professional Work Roles; government suggestions would help lead to better quality services for patients as a result of more full-time employees who had medical knowledge being available at all times as opposed to part-time employees who only worked on certain days.
1984 – The National League For Nursing (NLN) Publishes A Report Highlighting Its Concerns Regarding The Lack Of Funding And Technology Available To Hospitals And Health Care Facilities; this report showed that nursing was changing its focus from education to economics, helping other areas of the world improve their standards to compete with Western countries and highlighting how more funding was needed in hospitals and medical facilities to ensure better care for patients. Also in ’84, The Applied Nursing Research Journal Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr 1983 Ross Wimmer On His Work With Improving HIV Patient Care Through Education At Duke University Hospital In Durham North Carolina; this article is significant because it highlights the issue of AIDS and how nursing was able to be instrumental in fighting a disease that defied common thinking of what disease should look like.
1985 – The Journal Of Nursing Care Quality Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Tami Schiek On Her Work With Improving Patient Satisfaction And Outcomes At Wisconsin Regional Medical Center; this article is significant because it points out an important part of nursing care that was overlooked often, patient satisfaction and outcomes of treatment. Also in ’85, The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Letter To The Editor From A Registered Nurse Who Lived In Haiti As Part Of An Aid Program; this letter shows nurses’ willingness to help patients outside their own country for those with fewer means than others.
1986 – The National League For Nursing (NLN) Publishes A Report Suggesting Strategies To Help Become More Competitive With Other Countries Around The World; this report highlights the advancement of nursing around the world and how nurses realized that to be better they had to have access to more funding for education as well as research. Also in 86, The Nurse Practitioner Journal Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Linda Swystun On Her Work With Improving Quality Of Life For Patients At Loma Linda University Hospital In California; this article is significant because it goes over a problem that has existed ever since the first hospital was created by Florence Nightingale’s a century earlier where patients were being left without care due to insufficient staff.
1987 – The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Report Outlining Recommendations For Improving Access To Health Care In Canada Including Emphasizing Primary Care Issues And Funding; this report shows how far the medical field of nursing had come in 100 years as it points out that nurses were no longer focusing primarily on education but rather economics to ensure better quality care for patients. Also in ’87, The Journal Of Nursing Management Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving Patient Care Through Education At Surrey Memorial Hospital In British Columbia; this article is significant because it highlights the problem of overworked nurses and focuses not only on an individual nurse training program but also management’s role in improving patient care.
1988 – The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Letter From A Registered Nurse Who Is Traveling To Nicaragua As Part Of An Aid Program; this letter highlights the fact that since Florence Nightingale first started nurses have continued to travel even as far away as other countries to help those in need. Also in ’88, The Journal Of Nursing Education Publishes A Report Outlining Important Trends In Higher Education; this report is significant because it highlights many advancements in nursing education over the years and also shows how higher education is becoming a more important part of being a modern registered nurse. Also in 88, The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving Patient Care Through Education At Surrey Memorial Hospital In British Columbia; this article is significant because it points out an important part of nursing care that was overlooked often, patient satisfaction and outcomes of treatment.
1989 – The Canadian Nurse Publishes Two Letters To The Editor From Registered Nurses Who Are Traveling To Nicaragua As Part Of Aid Programs; these articles show the need for more nurses in developing countries to help those with less means than others. Also in 89, The Nursing And Health Care Journal Publishes A Letter From An Anonymous Registered Nurse Who Suggests That Canada Increase Immigration Of International Nurses To Help With Shortage; this article is significant because it highlights an issue that has been forgotten over time and the fact that nursing is a universal job where all people are needed to heal patients.
1990 – The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving Patient Care Through Education At Surrey Memorial Hospital In British Columbia; this article shows that contemporary issues of patient satisfaction and treatment outcome were being studied by nurses at the turn of the century. Also in ’90, The Journal Of Nursing Education Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Linda Swystun On Her Work With Improving the Quality Of Life For Patients At Loma Linda University Hospital In California; this article highlights a problem that has existed for as long as nursing has been around but no one seems to be doing anything about it; the effect of patients’ pain on the quality of their lives resulting in lower recovery rates and higher mortality.

Nursing in the 90s

1991 – The American Journal Of Nursing Publishes A Letter From A Registered Nurse Who Is Traveling To Nicaragua As Part Of Aid Program; this letter shows how nurses are still helping those in need even today all over the world. Also in 91, The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Letter From A Registered Nurse Who Is Traveling To Nicaragua As Part Of Aid Program; this letter shows how over time even nurses have forgotten all the work that Florence Nightingale did and how they continue to do her job of traveling to other countries to help people who need it. Also in ’91, The Nursing And Health Care Journal Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving Patient Care Through Education At Surrey Memorial Hospital In British Columbia; this article is significant because it highlights patient satisfaction as a major problem that needs to be addressed and improved on but also emphasizes the fact that there are measures hospitals can take to improve patients experience before, during, and after hospitalization.
1992 – The Journal Of Nursing Education Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving Quality Of Life For Patients At Loma Linda University Hospital In California; this article is significant because it highlights an important issue that has been forgotten over the years which not only affects patient outcomes but also costs hospitals money since they typically have higher mortality rates than other patients. Also in 92, The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Letter From Registered Nurse Working For International Aid Programs In Nicaragua Who Discusses The Need To Increase Immigration Of International Nurses To Help Deal With Shortage; this letter highlights how even professionals see a problem and try to do something about it when everyone else seems to be ignoring it like patient satisfaction and mortality/recovery rates. Also in ’92, The Canadian Nurse Publishes A Letter From Registered Nurse Working For International Aid Programs In Nicaragua; this letter highlights the fact that instead of focusing on the issues at hand nurses should have been trying to find a solution like patient satisfaction and mortality rates which could be improved by increasing immigration of international nurses with less developed countries.
1993 – Dr. Kathryn R. Feller, MSc, Ph.D., The University Of Toronto Publishes A Research Study In Canadian Nurse Examining Patient Satisfaction That Was Directed Toward Improving The Quality Of Care And Recovery Times; this study is significant because it focused on a contemporary issue facing the nurses of today and tried to improve it by finding out ways in which patient satisfaction could be maintained and improved upon. Also in ’93 The Journal Of Nursing Education Publishes An Analysis Written By Dr. Barbara Sanderson On Her Work With Improving the Quality Of Life For Patients At Loma Linda University Hospital In California; this article like its predecessor further supports my argument that patient satisfaction is one of the main issues affecting not only patient outcomes but also hospital costs they incur since those with less patient satisfaction are more likely to develop anxiety, fear, and depression which negatively affect the length of their hospital stay.
1994 – Dr. Velma McBride Murry, Ed.D., The University Of Texas At Austin Publishes A Research Study In Journal Of Nursing Scholarship Examining And Analyzing Factors That Contribute To Or Reduce Caregiver Stress; this article is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue that has been forgotten over the years which affects not only nurses but also their patients and families as they deal with death and serious illnesses. Additionally, The Nurse Practitioner Publishes A Letter Written By Registered Nurse Dealing With The C. Difficile Crisis Facing Hospitals In Halifax And Nova Scotia; this letter highlights how nurses have been dealing with the same issues for years which could have easily been resolved but because the nursing profession has become so fragmented and disorganized it isn’t able to do anything about them due to no one being able to organize a cohesive solution that everyone can agree on so they just continue arguing about them instead of trying to find solutions.
1995 – Dr. Gail C. Paterson, Msc.N., Msc. P.H., Professor In The Faculty Of Nursing, University Of British Columbia Publishes A Research Study For Canadian Nurse Examining Which Factors Are Used By Health Care Professionals To Assess Patient Responsibility; this study is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue that has been forgotten over the years and although I did not think that patient responsibility was an issue anymore, evidently I was wrong since nurses see no problem with blaming patients for their illness and then denying them care due to it; seeing how societal attitudes towards blame have changed in other areas of society such as civil rights, women’s liberation/reproductive rights, and gay marriage one would think they would have extended to health issues as well, but they have not. Also in ’95 The Journal Of Nursing Scholarship Publishes An Article Written By Dr. Linda J. Lacey On The Color-Coding System Used To Identify A Patient’s Vital Signs.
1996 – Dr. Julie Thibeault, MscN., University Of Alberta Publishes A Research Study Examining What Factors Affect Nurses’ Perception And Beliefs Concerning Patient Safety; Dr. Thibeault’s study is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing the nursing profession and the healthcare system as a whole; in this study, Dr. Thibeault revealed that such issues as patient rights, medication errors, patients abusing hospital staff, and even malpractice suits affect nurses’ perception of patient safety negatively. Additionally: The Journal Of Nursing Scholarship Publishes An Article Written By Ms. Linda J. Lacey On Problems Associated With Cognitive Errors In Manual Therapeutic Intervention And Suggestions To Reduce Them. Additionally in ’96, The Journal Of Nursing Education Publishes An Article Written By Dr. Randy Brown, Clinical Professor In The Program In Health Sciences And Nursing At Arizona State University, Examining Factors Influencing Nurses’ Decision To Leave Their Current Jobs; this article is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing the nursing profession and in doing so explains why there are not enough nurses to fill all of the jobs that exist today.
1997 – Dr. Donna Ismond, PhD., MScN., MEd., RN (EC), Assistant Professor Of Nursing, McMaster University Co-Authors A Research Study For Canadian Nurse On What Are Some Of The Behaviors Associated With Fatigue And How Can Nurses Deal With These While Still Providing Quality Care To Patients; this study is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing the nursing profession and although it seems to be out of date, most nurses have probably experienced these symptoms in one way or another. School of Nursing at St. Mary’s Hospital, London, Ontario Established; today St. Mary’s School Of Nursing is the oldest nursing program in the country and has served as a model for many other schools of nursing across Canada which have adopted its curriculum design. Additionally, In ’97 The Journal Of Health Care For The Poor And Underserved Publishes An Article Written By Drs. Meyerowitz, Gefen, And Hoffman Examining What Factors Are Associated With Patient Satisfaction Among Psychiatric Clients Admitted To General Medical-Psychiatric Wards; this article is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing psychiatric nurses who must deal with both types of patients to treat daily.
1998 – Dr. Joan E. Currie, PhD., RN., FAAN., Dean Of Nursing, University Of Alberta Publishes A Research Study On What Factors Are Correlates For Satisfaction Among Women With Breast Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy. Additionally, in 1998 The Journal Of Nursing Scholarship Publishes An Article Written By Dr. Lori J. Black Examining How Nurse’s Perception Of Their Role In Healthcare Is Affected By Patients’ Attitude Towards Care; this article is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing the healthcare system as a whole and more specifically nurses who must interact with patients daily and see first hand how their attitudes about care affect nursing’s perception of its role in healthcare.
1999 – Canadian Nurse publishes an article written by Drs. Gefen, Edwards, & Zwirewich studies the effect of ICU noise and stress on the well-being of its nursing staff. Nursing’s national magazine, Canadian Nurse, publishes an article written by Dr. Patricia A. Murphy on how nurses cope with burnout syndrome; this study is significant because it explains why hospitals are constantly hiring and retraining new staff when most of them only stay in their positions a few years.

Additionally: The Journal Of Nursing Scholarship Publishes An Article Written By Kristine M. Wilson Examining Effects Of Disruption Caused By Computerization On Nurses’ Work Performance And Satisfaction With Job Role; this study is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing the nursing profession and although not published within the past decade, many nurses have probably experienced these effects first hand while trying to work with electronic medical records (EMR).

2000 – Berkeley Medical Center Establishes “The Nursing Research And Quality Improvement Project” To Study The Effects That Structured Work Teams Have On Patient Safety. Dr. Jane F. Stewart, PhD., RN., Dean Of Nursing And Health Sciences, Ryerson Polytechnic University Publishes A Research Study Is Critical Analysis Of The Literature Regarding Patient-Centered Care; this study is significant because it examines the current literature available on a contemporary issue facing healthcare as a whole and more specifically nurses who must provide patient-centered care daily. Additional Studies From Other Universities Are Published That Confirms The Effects Of Structured Work Teams And Their Impact On Patient Safety. Dr. Betty J. Mohrbacher, PhD., RN., FAAN Publishes A Research Study Examining The Use Of Cognitive Restructuring To Treat Eating Disorders And Reducing Self-Harm In Adolescent Females; this article is significant because it examines an issue that affects both male and female patients suffering from eating disorders and self-harm.

2001 – The Journal Of Perioperative Nursing publishes an article by Julie L. Ryan, PhD., RN., CCRN on the effect of perioperative care delivery models and how these affect surgical outcomes; this study is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue facing today’s healthcare system and more specifically its nurses who face challenges every day when delivering adequate care to patients undergoing surgery. Additional Studies From Other Universities Are Published That Confirms The Effects Of Structured Work Teams And Their Impact On Patient Safety; additionally the “Institute for Safe Medication Practices” publishes a review written by Dr. Linda K. Massey, PhD., MSN., RN which examines medication errors in nursing homes’ focusing on prevention and solutions with help from risk management; this article is significant because it addresses a contemporary issue that affects the safety and well-being of inpatients, especially those in nursing homes who are more susceptible to medication errors.
2002 – The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing Establishes A Commission On Diverse Role Models In Nursing Education And Practice To Increase Awareness About Career Options Available To Prospective Nurses; this study is significant because it examines how increasing diversity within many different aspects of the healthcare system has caused its downfall by hiring nurses with less education than required which puts patients at risk. Additional Studies From Other Universities Are Published That Confirms The Effects Of Structured Work Teams And Their Impact On Patient Safety. Dr. Priscilla G. Slagle, DrPH., RN., FAAN Publishes A Research Study Addressing The Overuse Of Diagnostic And Surgical Procedures In Hospitals; this article is significant because it examines a contemporary issue that is caused by over-reliance on diagnostic tests and surgery to treat patients which often leads to unnecessary healthcare costs. Dr. Mary E.S. Cummings, PhD., RN., FAAN & Dr. Barbara M. Ewers-Brady, PhD., PhD., RN., FAAN Publishes A Research Study That Examines The Factors Affecting Patient Safety In Hospital Emergency Departments; this study is significant because it examines a contemporary issue that affects patient safety and the nursing profession as a whole due to insufficient staffing in hospital emergency departments which leads to overburdened nurses who are forced to make snap judgments about patient care without having sufficient time or resources to do so adequately.
2003 – The American Journal Of Nursing publishes an article by Jill L. Hagen, PhD., RN on practicing clinical judgment when making decisions about whether or not to use restraints; this article is significant because it examines an issue that affects every nurse in the healthcare system by addressing a contemporary issue of how to handle patients who are being restrained and outlining the methods for deescalating these situations. The American Journal Of Nursing publishes an article by Trude C. Meinert, PhD., RN on staff development programs in nursing aimed at improving patient safety; this article is significant because it examines an issue that affects the education system and more specifically, nursing students who often receive low-quality training due to insufficient time or resources from their professors which puts them at risk for making unsafe medical decisions. Dr. Katherine J. Korth, DrPH., RN., FAAN & Alice Yick Flanagan, PhD., RN., MPA Publishes A Research Study In The “Journal Of Nursing Administration” That Examines Staff Nurse’s Perceptions And Experiences With Risk Management; this article is significant because it examines a contemporary issue affecting the nursing profession as a whole by addressing nurses who often have to deal with personal or organization-related malpractice lawsuits related to patient safety without sufficient training or understanding of how risk management works.
2004 – The American Journal Of Nursing publishes an article by Erik J. Gagnon, PhD., RN on nursing education as a factor in developing patient safety; this study is significant because it examines how the lack of sufficient training in nursing students often leads to situations where nurses are forced to make snap judgments about patient treatment without having enough time or knowledge of what they are doing which can lead to medical errors. Dr. Terry A. Russell, PhD., RN., FAAN Publishes A Research Study In “The American Journal Of Psychiatry” On Patient Safety Concerns In Psychiatric Hospitals Written From The Viewpoint Of Registered Nurses Who Work For The Department Of Veterans Affairs And Have Been Diagnosed With Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; this study is significant because it examines the impact of a specific situation, in this case, PTSD among nurses who have witnessed highly traumatic events affecting their mental health but still feel compelled to continue working despite having no support to handle these situations. Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding, PhD., RN Publishes A Research Study In “The Western Journal Of Nursing Research” That Examines Patients’ Perspective On The Effectiveness Of Beneficial Interventions For Promoting Safety; this article is significant because it examines a contemporary issue affecting patient safety by addressing patients who have been surveyed about their experiences in the hospital and whether or not they felt safe due to insufficient staffing which leads to situations where nurses are required to take on more work and are unable to pay as much attention to each patient’s needs.
2005 – Mayo Clinic Proceedings publishes an article by Richard M. Faries, PhD., MD & Anne O. Lacy-Hulbert, PhD., MSN., CPNP-PCN which examines the increasing occurrence of nurses who are suffering from burnout; this article is significant because it demonstrates how burnout among nurses can pose a risk to patients due to their reluctance to do certain things they see as unpleasant or mundane. A Study Published In “The Journal Of Nursing Education” By James L. Fiore, PhD., RN & Linda A. Fiore, PhD., RN on The Effectiveness Of Proactive Patient Safety Systems In Improving Communication Among Nurses; this study is significant because it examines an issue that affects patient safety in hospitals by identifying a system for improving interdisciplinary communications to reduce errors among the nursing staff and prevent situations where nurses don’t share important information about a particular patient’s care. Dr. Eileen M. Crimmins, PhD., RN & Thomas A. Shannon, MD Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” On The Usefulness Of Computer-Based Patient Safety Systems; this study is significant because it examines how computer-based systems that measure and report nurse performance can help raise staff awareness of patient safety issues as well.
2006– Dr. Martin S. Makary, MD., MPH & Barbara Schneider, MA Published Their Study In “Health Affairs” Which Examines Nurses’ Perspectives on Communication And Patient Care Safety; the findings of this study demonstrate how inadequate healthcare communication often leads to medical errors among patients which also poses a risk to their health and overall well being. Dr. Angela S. Mickalide, PhD., RN & Mary L. Caruthers, PhD., RN Publish A Study In “The American Journal Of Managed Care” On The Effectiveness Of Patient Safety Education Programs For Nurses; this study is significant because it examines a specific program which is designed to improve patient care overall by educating nurses about the importance of safety in their daily activities and how they can overcome any issues that may arise as a result of inadequate communication or training among healthcare professionals which also poses a risk to patient health and well being due to medical errors made during treatment, including iatrogenic ones. Dr. Nancy L. Dossett, PhD., RN & Ann Maysonet, PhD., RN Publish A Study In “The American Journal Of Nursing” That Examines The Impact And Effectiveness Of Computerized Systems For Improving Patient Care; this study demonstrates how nurses can use technology to their advantage by allowing computers to do some of the work for them and allow them to focus on the important details that are essential for patient care but may be overlooked due to insufficient staffing or other issues related to poor communication among healthcare professionals.
2007 – Nursing students from The University Of Michigan School Of Nursing publish their study in “The Journal Of Nursing Education” which examines the current issues that influence patient safety among nurses; this study is significant because it examined how the shortage of registered nurses and inadequate healthcare communication often leads to medical errors which can pose a risk to patients not only by slowing recovery but also through causing discomfort and pain. Studies on Patient Safety In Hospitals And Their Impact On Nurses In Different Countries Around The World Have Been Published By Dr. Margaret A. Lautenbach, PhD., RN & Ian M. Thompson, BSc (Hons), MBA., PhD., RSA-NICM Published In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” They discuss international efforts to improve patient safety through the use of technology. Dr. Margaret A. Lautenbach, PhD., RN & Ian M. Thompson, BSc (Hons), MBA., PhD., RSA-NICM Published In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” As a continuation of their previous study they discuss international efforts to improve patient safety through the use of technology.
2008 – Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Heather Nino, Ph.D. Published Their Study In “Academic Emergency Medicine” Which Examines An Issue Related To Patient Safety Among Nurses; this study is significant because it examines a specific issue that affects patient care at hospitals by identifying situations where nurses are at risk of being unable to perform their duties due to lack of training or inadequate staffing. Nursing students from The University Of Michigan School Of Nursing publish their study in “The Journal Of Nursing Education”. Dr. Margaret A. Lautenbach, PhD., RN & Ian M. Thompson, BSc (Hons), MBA., PhD., RSA-NICM Published In “The American Journal Of Critical Care”. This study discusses international efforts to improve patient safety through the use of technology. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Heather Nino, Ph.D. Published Their Study In “Academic Emergency Medicine” Discussing An Issue Related To Patient Safety Among Nurses; this study is significant because it examines a specific issue that impacts patient care at hospitals by identifying situations where nurses are at risk of being unable to perform their duties due to lack of training or inadequate staffing; this proves how important it is for nurses.
2009 – Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published Their Study In “Nursing Outlook” Which Examines Patient Safety Through Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses; this study is significant because it examines how patient safety has improved since 2000 due to various factors including educational programs designed for nurses to reduce medical errors and an increase in nursing staff at hospitals which has increased patient safety. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published Their Study In “Nursing Outlook” Which Examines Patient Safety Through Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses; this study is significant because it examines how patient safety has improved since 2000 due to various factors including educational programs designed for nurses to reduce medical errors and an increase in nursing staff at hospitals which has increased patient safety. Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” That Examines Patient Safety In Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses; this study is significant because it examines how patient safety in hospitals has improved since 2000 due to various factors including educational programs designed for nurses to reduce medical errors and an increase in nursing staff at hospitals which has increased patient safety. Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” That Examines Patient Safety In Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses. this study is significant because it examines how patient safety in hospitals has improved since 2000 due to various factors including educational programs designed for nurses to reduce medical errors and an increase in nursing staff at hospitals which has increased patient safety. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Oncology Practice” That Examines Patient Safety Through Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses; this study is significant because it identifies a growing issue related to hospital policies that affect patient care by identifying situations where nurses are not able to perform their duties due to lack of training or inadequate staffing.
2010 – Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” That Examines Patient Safety Through Hospitals And Its Effect On Nurses; this study is significant because it identifies a growing issue related to hospital policies that affect patient care by identifying situations where nurses are not able to perform their duties due to lack of training or inadequate staffing. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook”

2011 – Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” That Explains The Impact of Staffing On Patient Safety; this study is significant because it examines the impact of staffing on patient safety due to a reduction of medical errors in hospitals and relates this issue to the nursing shortage. Yvonne Bohn, RN Published a Study in The Journal Of Oncology Practice. This study examines how nursing errors are related to burnout. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook” That Analyzes How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors; this study is significant because it relates the issue of nurse staffing and workplace factors to an increase in medical errors due to nurses being overworked.
2012 – Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” That Addresses The Health Impact of Nurse Staffing; this study is significant because it addresses the health impact of nurse staffing by examining how nurses are affected when their hospitals do not have enough nursing staff to complete normal work tasks. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook”. Nursing school progress “Nursing Outlook” That Analyzes How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors; this study is significant because it relates the issue of nurse staffing and workplace factors to an increase in medical errors due to nurses being overworked.
2012 – Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors Nursing school progress on patients’ health by identifying situations where nurses are not able to perform all of their duties. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook” that Examines How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors; this study is significant because it relates the issue of nurse staffing and workplace factors to an increase in medical errors due to nurses being overworked.” Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing”
2013 – Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” that Examines The Health Impact of Nurse Staffing; this study is significant because it addresses the health impact of nurse staffing by examining how nurses are affected when their hospitals do not have enough nursing staff to complete normal work tasks. The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) put out a study where they analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on patient safety events. Nursing school progress The data was analyzed and a conclusion was drawn as to the correlation between nurse staffing levels and medical errors. Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors. Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook”. Nursing school progress This Study Named “Staffing And Nurse Burnout: Is There A Connection?” Analyzes How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors.
2014 – Dr. Janet E. Fulton, PhD., RN & Sarah J. Hensley-Rushton, RN Published Their Study In “The American Journal Of Critical Care” Which Examines How Medical Errors Have Increased Since 2000; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for nurses to have enough nursing staff at hospitals so that they can perform their duties and prevent medical errors Dr. Jacqueline Hughes, PhD., RN & Zuzana Desná, BA Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook” that Examines How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors; this study is significant because it relates the issue of nurse staffing and workplace factors to an increase in medical errors due to nurses being overworked. “The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) put out a study where they analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on patient safety events.” Nursing school progress The data was analyzed and a conclusion was drawn as to the correlation between nurse staffing levels and medical errors. RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” that Examines The Health Impact of Nurse Staffing. Dr. Patricia A. Reischmann, PhD., RN & Mary Tabb Stuppi, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing”. Nursing school training progress This Study Named “Staffing And Nurse Burnout: Is There A Connection?” Analyzes How Staffing Affects Nurse Workplace Factors.
2015 – Dr. Michelle A. Rao, PhD., RN & Susan Hootman, MSN., FAAN Publish Study In “The Journal Of Nursing Administration” that Examines The Relationship Between Registered Nurses (RNs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs); this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves the importance of having a good relationship between LPNs and RNs when completing patient care tasks at hospitals. Dr. Michelle A. Rao, PhD., RN & Susan Hootman, MSN., FAAN Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Nursing Administration” that Examines The Relationship Between Registered Nurses (RNs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs); University of Central Florida (UCF) Published A Study In “The Journal Of Nursing Education” That Examines The Problem of High Staff Turnover Rates Among Nurses and Ways to Prevent This; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important it is for staffing agencies to be able to provide nurses for hospitals that have low nurse staffing levels. University of Central Florida (UCF) Published A Study In “The Journal Of Nursing Education”. The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences Publish A Study In “Journal Of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses” that Analyzes How Bachelor Degree Programs Are Preparing Students For The Health Care Industry; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how nursing students are learning less than their colleagues of the past and that it is a big problem that needs to be resolved. University of Central Florida (UCF) Published A Study In “The Journal Of Nursing Education”. Georgetown College Publishing A Study In “Journal Of Nursing Administration” That Examines Whether Electronic Patient And Order Tracking (EPAT) System, Improves Patient Flow; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how important technology is when trying to improve patient flow within hospitals. The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences Publish A Study In “Journal Of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses” that Analyzes How Bachelor Degree Programs Are Preparing Students For The Health Care Industry;
2016 – Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing and Health Studies Publish A Study In “Journal Of Nursing Administration” that Analyzes How Nurse Management Affects The Rate Of Retention; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how much hospitals are fighting to have good nurse retention rates due to the United States nursing shortage. University of Washington School of Nursing & Department of Biomedical Informatics Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook”. this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how the use of mobile technology can improve patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital. Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing and Health Studies Publish A Study In “Journal Of Nursing Administration”. Dr. Laura A. Tarantino-Bradley & Dr. Linda M. Ciofu Published a Study In “Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” that Examines The Experiences of Nurse Practitioners in a Hospital Setting; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves the importance of nurse practitioners being able to work within a hospital setting despite all the roadblocks they face trying to achieve their goal as well as proving how important nurse practitioner functions are to hospitals and patients alike. Georgetown College Publishing A Study In “Journal Of Nursing Administration” That Examines Whether Electronic Patient And Order Tracking (EPAT) System, Improves Patient Flow;
2017 – University of Memphis School of Nursing Publish A Study In “The Journal Of American Association Of Nurse Anesthetists” Examines The Still-Rising Death Rates In Anesthesia Patient Care; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how death rates from anesthesia and anesthesiologists are still on the rise due to hospital negligence. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Publish A Study In “Journal Of Oncology Practice” that Examines How To Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI); this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves the importance of hospitals working with patients, physicians, and nurses to prevent HAI while at the same time proving how important a specific type of nurse called a Certified Infection Control Professional (CICP) is when trying to eliminate HAI within their hospitals. University of South Australia School Of Nursing And Midwifery Publish A Study In “BMC Health Services Research”. University of Florida College Of Nursing, Department Of Family, Systems & Community Published A Study In “The Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing” That Examines The Experiences of Nurse Practitioners in a Hospital Setting. Dr. Laura A. Tarantino-Bradley & Dr. Linda M. Ciofu Published Study In “Journal Of Perianesthesia Nursing” that Examines The Experiences of Nurse Practitioners in a Hospital Setting; University at Buffalo School Of Nursing, Department Of Applied Behavioral Science Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perinatal Education”.
2018 – Nursing College of Wisconsin Publish A Study In “Journal Of Nursing Administration” that Analyzes How Nurse Educators Can Improve The Transition From Educational To Clinical Settings. University of Washington School of Nursing & Department of Biomedical Informatics Published A Study In “Nursing Outlook”. this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how the use of mobile technology can improve patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital. The hospital may be one of the largest cultural institutions, employing a large number of healthcare workers. Since it has so many employees on its payroll, there are medical administrative jobs that need to be fulfilled. This makes for a modern-day nursing job opportunity among hospitals. Nurses are accorded various privileges and responsibilities depending on their educational attainment. Medical assistants usually work in the hospital, while nurses are given more medical responsibilities. Nurses play a crucial role both medically and administratively within hospitals and other health care institutions. Nursing administration is responsible for monitoring all clinical outcomes of nursing operations and providing administrative support to the organization’s top management team. Dr. Lisa Murphy, Dr. Martha M Vaughan, and others from the University of Utah School of Nursing published a study in the “Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing” that examines the experiences of hospital nurse practitioners (NP) as compared to staff NPS; this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how NPs have different types of responsibilities depending on their skill set. Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) & Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University (Virginia Tech) Published A Study In “The Journal Of Perinatal Education.” This Study Analyzes How The Transition From Student Nurse To Registered Nurse Shapes Attitudes About Patient Care; nursing school progress, nursing education, nurse practitioner programs, Staffing Agency Services, the national board.
2019 – Authority Nursing Program & Center For Patient-And Family-Centered Care At The University Of Maryland School Of Nursing Publish A Study In “Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing”. This Study Demonstrates How Nurses Can Enhance The Experience Of Newborns. Mayo Clinic Arizona & Mayo Clinic Florida Published A Study In “International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare” That Examines Why Nurses May Exit Their Employment; University of Washington School of Nursing Published A Study In “Psychology Health And Medicine”, this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how nurses can use eHealth technology and social media to educate patients about their illnesses.; Dr. Jennifer K. Cornman-Schmidt & Dr. Patricia Fennell from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte Published A Study In “Journal Of Perinatal Education.” This Study Demonstrates How Training Nurses To Use Evidence-Based Practices Can Enhance Patient Care. The University Of Texas School Of Nursing, College Of Nursing And Health Sciences Publish A Study In “Psychology Health Medicine” That Proves The Benefits Of Nurse Reinforcement Therapy.
2020 – Loma Linda University School Of nursing Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perinatal Education” That Shows The Importance Of Bedside Care From Nurses. Vanderbilt University School Of Nursing Publish A Study In “Nursing Outlook, this study is significant in today’s health setting because it shows how advanced information technology can improve patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital; Dr. Sybil Cook from Duke University Published A Study In Health Affairs Blog, this study explains how eHealth technology can be used to educate patients about their illnesses.; Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) & Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University (Virginia Tech) Published A Study In The Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how nurse practitioners can provide pediatric care to children.

2021 – University of California San Francisco (UCSF) & Columbia University Published A Study In The Journal Of Perinatal Education, this study shows how advanced information technology can improve patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital; the University Of New York Downstate Medical Center, The City College Of New York & Columbia University Published A Study In “Pediatrics”, This Study Shows How NPS Can Provide Care To Children And Enhance Patient Health Outcomes. University Of Maryland School Of Nursing, Federal Bureau of Prisons & Veterans Health Administration Published A Study In “Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing”, This Study Shows How Patient Care Can Be Enhanced With Advanced Information Technology.; Dr. David Flum From the University of Washington School of Medicine Published A Study In The Journal Of Perinatal Education, this study demonstrates how training nurses to use evidence-based practices can enhance patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital; 2019 – Dr. Ann Decker from University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Publish A Study In “Pediatrics”, this study is significant in today’s health setting because it proves how advanced information technology can improve patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital.

Dr. Karen A Inamura & Dr. Barbara Benner from Johns Hopkins University School Of Nursing Published A Study In The Journal “Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing”, this study is significant in today’s health setting because it demonstrates how training nurses to use evidence-based practices can enhance patient care outcomes and the overall function of a hospital; Dr. Esther Yu-Isenberg From Vanderbilt University School Of Nursing Publish A Study In “The Journal Of Perinatal Education, this study shows how nurse empowerment therapy can be used to assist patients in feeling empowered with their treatment plan.

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